Ten managerial concepts by Jack Welch

Foundation on the Killing of Harambe the Gorilla On May 28, 2016, a worker at the Cincinatti Zoo and Botanical Garden shot and slaughtered a silver-back gorilla named Harambe after a little kid meandered from his mom and fell into Harambe’s natural surroundings. The gorilla, who was frightened by the kid, an abrupt interference to his typically standard life in imprisonment, got upset. Zoo authorities decided to slaughter the gorilla before he could hurt the youngster. The kid endure, enduring minor wounds and a blackout. The Debate Could there have been a superior method to deal with this circumstance, given how rapidly the occasions unfolded? This turned into the focal inquiry of an across the country banter that happened via web-based networking media and in media sources, after video of the episode was distributed and flowed on Youtube. Many felt that the zoo could have taken care of the circumstance contrastingly and accepted that the slaughtering of the creature was savage and superfluous, particularly considering the silver-upheld gorilla’s status as a basically jeopardized animal groups. Petitions coursed on Facebook requesting the mother, a childcare specialist, to be captured for youngster danger. One appeal collected just about 200,000 marks. The episode brought up issues of zoo upkeep, security, and guidelines of care. It even reignited an open discussion over the morals of keeping creatures in bondage. Examinations of the Incident The Cincinnati Police Department researched the incidentâ but chose not to squeeze charges against the mother, in spite of broad open help for a carelessness charge. The USDA additionally examined the zoo, which had been refered to already on inconsequential charges, incorporating for security worries in the polar bear environment. As of August 2016, no charges have been documented. Eminent Responses The discussion over Harambe’s demise was across the board, in any event, coming to as high up as then-presidential competitor Donald Trump, who expressed that it was â€Å"too awful there wasn’t another way.† Many open figures accused the animal handlers, contending that had the gorilla been given only a couple of more minutes, he would have given the youngster off to people as different gorillas living in imprisonment have done. Others inquired as to why a sedative slug couldn't have been utilized. Said Wayne Pacelle, CEO of the Humane Society of the United States, â€Å"The executing of Harambe disheartened the country, since this sublime animal didn't put himself into this hostage setting and did nothing incorrectly at any phase of this incident.† Others, including animal handler Jack Hanna and amazing primatologist and basic entitlements extremist Jane Goodall, guarded the zoo’s choice. Despite the fact that Goodall initially expressed that it appeared in the video that Harambe was attempting to ensure the youngster, she later explained her position that the animal specialists didn't have a decision. â€Å"When individuals come into contact with wild creatures, life and demise choices now and again must be made,† she said. Hugeness to Animal Rights Movement Like the murdering of Cecil the Lion by an American dental specialist one year earlier, the far reaching open clamor over Harambe’s demise was seen as a critical success for the basic entitlements development, in spite of its disastrous impetus. That these issues turned out to be such prominent stories, secured by The New York Times, CNN, and other significant outlets and talked about via web-based networking media extensively, marks an adjustment in the manner in which people in general draws in with basic entitlements stories by and large.

Garments and Textile Products in Vietnam-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Examine about the Garments and Textile Products in Vietnam. Answer: Presentation Undertakings are an independent company where it is created with the intension of being profited financially. At least one people or gatherings with the desire for the business presenting to them a monetary benefit will put resources into those endeavors. Dominant part of undertakings are produced dependent on pressure from the market or a shortage of commitment to the market. Necessities of purchasers are perceived for a product or an assistance and the specialist and speculators will advance to develop the thought, showcase it, and sell the ware or administration progressed (Schaper et al., 2014). With benefit making improvement and developing thriving, Vietnam is among the fundamental showing up economies in the average and expanded term. The countrys proficient condition offers incalculable open doors for theory, regardless of the difficulties, for example, a problematic Communist state mechanical assembly and lacking framework. Vietnam is among the best territory to enlist a business. By and by it is positioned by World Bank in the90th positionfor effortlessness in working together and is considered among the quickly developing territories in the South East Asia (Athukorala Tien, 2012). It has gotten less difficult for outsiders to enlist an association in many business since 2015. One is just required to have an investor, other than a corporate presence or an individual with any citizenship and residency, to acclimatize a company.Vietnam has a colossal populace with 90 million individuals and strong characteristic assets (Zolin Schlosser, 2013). Dr. Alex Osterwalder, joint-creator of Business Model Generation, recommended the Business Model Canvas as a mix for organizations those are seeking after to present their business modelsso that it best fit in the business. Osterwalder's target with the Business Model Canvas is to help organizations get the best gadgets to present their plans of action and utility theory. This program not just aides for strategic arranging and model organizing; it likewise helps help advancement, combination and promotions, and choices on hypotheses. In this report the undertaking that has been decide to set up in Vietnam is of Garments and Textile Products and the chances, plan of action are explained underneath (Veit, 2014). Undertaking opportunity which is reasonable for Vietnam Article of clothing and Textile assembling is another business in Vietnam since Garments and Textiles are among those items that are sent out by Vietnam. One can likewise particularize increating prepared to-wear clothing types or start ones own line of dress. It might turn out to be too costly to even consider starting ones own creation of material and Garment Company, and afterward one canturn as a fabric shipper or begin with an online piece of clothing provider. Every one of these organizations are similarly productive (Thoburn, 2013).A tremendous number of remote shareowners have shown incredible intrigue putting resources into the material business of Vietnam, fundamentally not long after the nation marked various Free Trade Agreements, including the EU-Vietnam FTA (EVFTA) (Duong, 2016). Under this EVFTA, all importationtariffs on the results of Vietnams article of clothing and material that will be annulled inside the coming 7 years. With the expansive and profound fuse, Vietn amese material and article of clothing has changed over from a household adjusted division into one of the prime powers in the countrys transport turnover. Specifically, Vietnam earned a billion of $27in 2015 by shipping material and article of clothing and the digit is foreseen to arrive at a billion of $29 before the finish of 2016. As expressed by Vietnam Textile and Apparel Association (VITAS), the material and article of clothing industry is among the mammoth monetary divisions in the nation. It has 4,000 organizations with a pay of 20 billion dollars for each year, meaning 15% of GDP, building Vietnam the fifth most stretched out material, and garments exporters around the world. Material and article of clothing results of Vietnam have been moved to 180 nations and regions all around, in which the greatest markets are the United States, Europe and Japan (Tran, 2012). Vietnam is at an emergency point where it can likewise move to the succeeding places of industrialization or probability of losing rivalry. In a removed past Vietnam has recognized outside capital in the business of Textile and Garments. Associations that permeate to outside-based organizations grant up to 60 percent of the income from trade, hardly any associations are there joining national and universal firms. For instance, Japanese firms have tolerating to Vietnamese associations for their orders for the articles of clothing, however they have not started invert linkages by spending in yarn and texture arrangements. At the point when work costs in Vietnam eventually increment, abroad financial specialists will move to nations with base work esteem like Bangladesh and Sri Lanka (Kenta, 2012). Pestel investigation of pieces of clothing and material industry in Vietnam The motivation behind why PESTEL is done in light of the fact that it perceives the outer political, conservative, social, mechanical, lawful and ecological components, which can influence the business. Therefore, the unsafe components that are distinguished from this examination can be used to take up new choices for the advantages of the business (Tuan, 2012). To the extent the political components are, concerned Vietnam is an express that is decided with one-party that is the Communist party of Vietnam (CPV). All the choices in regards to systems and the issues identified with approaches are take care of this gathering. Nonetheless, the approach includes empowering dependability, keeping up the political positioning quo, advancement of residential economies and worldwide mixes. Vietnam is a lot of politically stable nation in South East Asia. Inward clashes are inconsistent which a favorable position for the piece of clothing and material industry is (De Mel, Jayaratne, 2012). Conservative development in Vietnam in the current barely any years have found the middle value of up to 6.2%. Vietnam is as of now having the fast developing white collar class in the South East Asia. As the outside contributed developing, divisions are showing the development of the ventures. Included favorable circumstances are that Vietnam has been a nation drawing in the FDI goal particularly Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore. The states presence in the economy rests colossal in Vietnam. In any case, Vietnam is positioning in 82th situation in the World Banks report of working together in 2017. The social factors in Vietnam is that it is having the help of the youthful populace who have achieved the working age and having new contestants in the market of works each year yet at the same time the general creation which leaves next to no and is just three fifths of the ASEAN revolve or is around one tenth elevation in Singapore. Be that as it may, the individuals in Vietnam are certain for the future that to due to the solidness of the political, harmony and efficient development (Dri, 2013). Innovation is creating with the time thus it has its effect in Vietnam too. Web is effectively achievable with a lot less expensive cost. Another observable thing directly is the force deficiency that is expanding because of the developing requests in Vietnam. Finally, there is a broad accessibility of the product items everywhere throughout the nation, which is certainly a preferred position for the articles of clothing and material industry (Kenta, 2012). The ecological factors likewise have an indispensable influence since Vietnam has a broad waterfront fringe and is pondered to be the most imperiled nations because of the danger of the cataclysmic events, changes in the atmosphere and the ascent in the ocean level that can truly influence the business. Along these lines, natural factors consistently stay at the need list that all the undertakings concentrate cautiously before beginning any business since it can exceptionally harm the business. In conclusion, the lawful factors additionally assume a significant job as Vietnam has available law undertaking, speculation law and other widespread and territorial understandings where all kind of ventures need to work with a similar principle. Vietnam has flawed nature of HR and issues identified with defilement subsequently its get hard for the undertakings to execute the laws (Thoburn, 2013). Doormen five powers investigation of pieces of clothing and material industry in Vietnam The Porters five powers model is a great instrument for dissecting the competition inside the market and the business systems created by the business. It anyway pulls the companys financial aspects to remove the five powers, which direct the competition quality and consequently the engaging piece of the business comes in front (E. Dobbs, 2014). The five powers in Porter examination includes the accompanying Serious competition Intensity of provider Intensity of the purchasers Danger of replacements Danger of the new sections Requests just as rivalry both are high in Vietnams article of clothing and material industry. Rivalry is similarly spread in huge clients to showcase including data sources and works. With the developing changes in Vietnam, the most benefit is picked up by the article of clothing and material industry. This industry really has practical experience in the least expensive worth included part in the mid of the worldwide chain of gracefully. It is at the go across street where it is possible that it needs to take its business on to the following level or need to presumably lose his seriousness. Work is among the fundamental highlights of the assembling movement, primarily lady are found as works who are having not many long stretches of involvement with this business (Elliott, 2016). The issue that the piece of clothing and material industry is looking as it relies consistently upon the information sources imported from different nations like china (Xiaoyang, 2014). In any case, this is making the intensity of the providers to become on e of the fundamental controlling powers for the benefit creation of the business. Gigantic number of providers, normal contrasts and low expenses of changing the providers prompts small bartering intensity of the providers. The fundamental providers of Vietnam are china, South Korea and Tai

CP3 Enhancing Efficiency of Network Operations with Qwilt - Podcast with Dan Sahar

CP3 Enhancing Efficiency of Network Operations with Qwilt - Podcast with Dan Sahar INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi, today we are having a very interesting interview with Dan from Qwilt, which is mainly about video and network operators. Hi Dan. Who are you, and what do you do?Dan: Hi Martin, My name is Dan Sahar. I’m the co-founder and VP of Product Marketing for Qwilt. So Qwilt is a startup selling infrastructure products for network operators. We essentially help them make their network adapt better to online video. One thing that pretty much everywhere around the world you can see today is that consumption of television is fastly moving into online video formats. So companies like Netflix, YouTube, Amazon, Hulu are definitely leading the way and the consumption pattern is headed that way. What we’re enabling is, essentially, a better experience, making that video experience better. We’re helping network operators optimize their networks in order to allow their consumers, their subscribers, watch as much videos as then can at the highest quality. That’s what we do .Martin: Cool stuff, Dan. So, what is your background and how did you come up with those kinds of ideas? I guess maybe you have some kind of background with network operating, or video, or something like that.Dan: Yes. Both myself and Alon, our CEO and Co-founder, we are enginners in background. So we went to university about the same time and one of the first companies we started to work with, we ended up working in the same company. This was known back then as Deep Bridge, later on it became, it was actually a company that was known as Siemens. Later on it became Nokia Siemens.So, we were in companies that were in network infrastructure for pretty much most of our career. So, our roads parted on afterwards I wnet to work for a start-up company that was later acquired by Juniper. Juniper is one of the largest equipment manufacturers for network operators and Alon went to work for a different company, also a start-up company called P-Cube that also got acquired by a giant in the net working space called Cisco, that most people know of, and he spent most of his career in the networking space as well.So we have both development backgrounds, creating products that are tailored to that segment, and also somewhat sales experience into that market as well. I think I started my career as an engineer and went up the ranks in engineering. But, I think, after several years I moved on to doing more product and product marketing activities and that’s where I am right now, but at core I’m an engineer.Martin: And Dan, when did you decide to start Qwilt, and what was it like in the first one or two months or so? Did you leave your job before and then start a company?Dan: So Alon and I, we were squash partners for many years. And what we were doing, we used to play like once a week, and after every game we talked about the industry, what we want to do as individuals. I think at some point we realized that the place that we were at, at the time, is hired employees- we could do more than that and we realize that we want to break out on our own.We started looking at a few directions of products, markets that we can address. I think we had three solid ideas. I think that we ended up selecting this one because we felt that we had a very good insight into the customer segment and into the problem area. And at some point we dove into the water and just, like, decided to cut our ties with our previous employers and just go at it on our own. And I think that’s the basic advice to young entreprenuers. Like ultimately, there’s like a million ideas that are out there. But, the first thing that really dictates whether you do it or not is if you have the balls to, basically, break loose and just go at it on your own. That’s like, the first, I would say, cut off point between if you’re a real entrepreneur or just, like, a dreamer.Martin: Yes. And when you started, how much money did you invest in the MVP? How long did it take you and how did you test this a ssumptions with potentially one of your contacts, or so?Dan: So, the product that we’re selling is the system, it’s the infrastructure product. Typically these types of products are a lot more resource intensive then a web application and they require many more man years, a lot more investment, and a lot more time. So the MVP, the mechanisms are very similar to a web app, however the time that it takes you to get there is longer and the process that you undergo is a little bit different. It doesn’t matter if it’s for network operators, for enterprise customers, I think you have to do a lot of customer discovery in parallel. Building the MVP will take time.So we had to make be like a certain functionality in the product that we had very quickly, probably in less than a month. But it wasn’t the real product. We could test some assumptions but, definitely, it didn’t produce the value that the product creates. So building the real MVP took over a year and a half, I think. So , I think products that are tailored for enterprise you typically build them, fund them in a slightly different way than you do for your application. So you typically have to raise larger funds initially. The investors have to kind of like take more of a gamble, basically, on inputs that you get from potential customers and partners. So that’s what we did a lot in the early days. We went out and touched the market as much as we can. We talked to probably over a hundred network operators around the world and got feedback from various people inside those organizations as to, like Is this a problem that they think is relevant? If it is, what are guidelines that they would have for a product that addresses this problem?Different people have different thougths. You have to do a lot of listening, I think, at this stage. And, basically, have very fine tuned ears for every piece of data that you gather and try to compose all those data pieces and compile them together. You could be wrong, but hopefully you’re able to really distil the main points and build that viable product. And we think that we did. We think that we managed to really find what the main pain points are, and solve them with a product.I thnk that one thing we were fortunate in doing is we built an extremely solid MVP. It was an infrastructure product, one of the most robust products I’ve ever seen on their first release, which was very fortunate for us because ultimately the inftrastucture that we’re dealing with is very mission critical. Think of ICT Deutsche Telecom, if suddenly your customers do not have internet, it’s very bad and you would call them up and freak out, maybe, that you can’t access the internet. It’s that sensitive. We designed a product that has to be up all the time and cannot fail and out engineering team did a great job of building that product.Martin: Great. Dan. How did you find and approach those 100-200 network operators?Dan: So, I think one of the things that you have to have is some, I think that one of the VCs calls it, unfair advantage. When you’re going after a certain market, you have to know something that other people do not, or will have a hard time finding out. So one of the things that we had going for us, we had a fairly good network of customers that we knew from our past. And that’s how we started. So, you open up your address book and you reach out to everybody that’s out there and you talk to everybody that you can. And you’re friendly. If you approach this with a good vibe, we found out that people are very eager to help you. So even if they’re not the right ones to help you out, they’ll say: Hey you know what? I know this guy and this other operator. I hear he’s looking for things like you’re describing. You should go talk to him. And I think there is, espeicially in Silicon Valley, there’s a lot of that pay-it-forward mentality which is very, I think, welcoming for entreprenuers.So we had a network, bu t within twelve months our network of connections grew substantially. And, to this day, it’s something that always expands. You start off with maybe, like, one or two data points and then all of a sudden within a few years you have a ton of data points and a ton of sensors spread throughout the world and the picture becomes clearer as time goes by.BUSINESS MODEL OF QWILTMartin: Let’s talk about the business model, Dan. So, when I look at Qwilt, what I see are three major things. So one thing is you’re helping network operators decrease their network costs. Second, you help them understand the video consumption. And lastly, you help them, potentially to earn them some money with video streaming by offering extra services. Is there anything with what you started, for example, maybe of those value propositions you said: Okay, this is my entry model, so to speak?Dan: So, in our case, we didn’t really pivot. We had, I can show you probably presentations from five years ago, they look like, maybe they’re less refined then what they have today, but the idea is very similar to what they’re doing and those three things that you said are very aligned with what we had back then. So that was the order of things.So ultimately, I think what we are providing is a better way of doing something that you already do if you’re a network operator. So ultimately, your consumers will want to watch video and it’s a matter of how well or how efficiently you’re able to provide that service to them. And I can give you examples in other industries. You take the storage industry, so there’s been a way of doing storage for probably over a decade of using hard drives for that purpose. And then all of a sudden a new technology came called Flash, and is it that much different? No, it’s a more efficient way of doing things that you are doing for many years and I think we found a way that is specific for video that makes the network a lot more efficient and ultimately brin gs the price of bringing that content down substantially. And, lastly, it improves the quality of experience to the consumers which is, some people find it hard to believe, but that is exactly what the network operators really want to do. They want to help you, the consumer, have the best experience that you can and it doesn’t matter where you are going to watch it. If it’s going to be over your regular television or on an iPhone or a tablet, they wanted you to have the best experience you can. We help them in doing that. That has not changed from day one.Martin: So, normally when you are an entrepreneur, you are trying to identify a business opportunity and then exploit it. This is what you’ve done perfectly. What is your opinion on why network operators before were not trying to solve this issue themselves?Dan: So, I think that during the time that the company has been running a lot of things have been changing in real time. So one of the things was video back in 2009 and 20 10 was still in its infancy. It still is, by the way. What I mean by video is I mean online video. So, at the time you take the largest, long form video provider in the world today, which is Netflix. They, I think at the time had less than 10 million subscribers that were consuming their content online. And they were only in the U.S. at the time. And today Netflix, as one example, they operate on five continents. But the consumption was different. Completely different than it is today. People were still doing a lot of peer to peer downloads. So there was really no incentive for the operator to change their way because there was no demand. Now there is a lot of demand. So, that’s on the consumer side, what has changed.The second thing is that sometimest there is technology innovation that simply wasn’t possible a few years ago and then all of a sudden it is possible. So, I gave the example of Flash and storage. In our case, one of the main differences was that software became hug e. As market research says software is eating the world, it’s eating the world in networking as well. If you would go back ten years ago, there was only one way of doing things to build your own hardware and to have very fast A6 that were passing packets from side to side. But all of a sudden, you have commodities servers from HP or Dell or IBM and they use Intell chips and they’re very fast. And they achieve results that are almost as good as you can do with custom hardware, as long as you know how to build really smart software. Fortunately we have experts in software that can extract that capability from the commodities servers and basically find a new way of doing something that’s been done for many years.So it’s, I would say, the combination of these two things. Both consumption changes on the consumer side, and technological advancement that enabled us to build a product that does things in a different way than the status quo.Martin: Dan, when I’m looking at the reve nue model. Can you tell us about how it is working? So is it just a SaaS model, or is it more that you’re trying to do some kind of cost reduction share? Or is it the network reduction? How does it work?Dan: So we have two generic type of business models that we sell.One is based on the capacity that we’re creating. So it’s kind of like a gigabyte capacity model. So, the more that we deliver, the more that we earn.And then we also have a SaaS model, that’s the recurring revenue.That really depends on the preference of the network operator, which model to go with, I would say the traditional model that network operators are used to procuring this type of infrastructure is the gigabyte per second model but more and more, you know, as cloud is slowly penetrating network operators as well we’re seeing a transititon to the SaaS model.Martin: Isn’t there an incentive problem with having a revenue model of gigabyte per second? Because, if I understand your job correctly, you wa nted to minimize the gigabyte per second for the video streaming, but on the other hand you are paid four gigabytes per second. On the one hand side you want decrease it, but on the other hand you would like, from a revenue perspective, to increase it.Dan: So, basically the trade off that we’re creating in our product is that any byte that you’re delivering from our open caching solution is, because it’s in software, is going to be cheaper than having that same byte of data being transferred over the traditional routing infrastructure. So that is the incentive. So, the more that we serve, the more lucrative it is for the network operator. And because video is growing, exponentially, and it’s showing no signs of stopping or slowing down. It’s growing, in some countries, like 100 percent year over year, we are able to serve more and more content and basically improve the efficiencies that we’re getting inside a network.Martin: Cool. When I’m looking at the sales cycle of the network operators, can you elaborate on how does it work, how long does it take, who are the budget owners, and what types of people are you approaching to make a deal?Dan: So, this is, I would say, those of you that are familiar with enterprise sales, it’s very similar to enterprise sales cycles. It’s longer with the consumer, they can take over 12 months in some cases. And you have to interact with a lot of people in the network operator organization.Budget owners are typically the guys that are running the network operations team. But a lot of times you have to have influencers on board to safe decisions. So, people like the CTO organizations, people that are in charge of the content side, in some cases, network architecture. It really depends on the operator, but the sales cycle and processes, you have to really understand the organization that you’re selling to and craft your approach accordigly. It’s very similar to how companies that sell to enterprise craft thei r approach.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM DAN SAHARMartin: Cool. I guess you have learned so much over the last years, Dan. Can you share some of your major learnings and insights and tips and advice for first time entreprenuers?Dan: Okay. I think when you start off, one of the things that you have to bear in the back of your mind is that everything that you build, like there is that saying that the company’s DNA is formed in the first 90 days, and people, a lot of times, think that it’s about the cutture of the company, which is true in many cases, but it’s also about, you have to buld the foundations for the company at that time. It’s like building a building. If you have bad foundation, the building is not going to sustain for very long and foundation means that you try to opt for one of the best employees that you can get and try, as hard as you can, not to make any compromises. That’s a very common lesson. I think that it also means that you have to find the best inveto rs who ultimately become your partners on this journey. And if you have great investors I think it pays dividens throughout the lifetime of the company. It helps you in giving you the great strategic advice in every stage that you’re at.There were points I think then we felt really good about ourselves, we met milestones and everything was going great, and then, you know our investors say: Yes, that’s cool, but you should already be thinking two years out and plan on doing this initiative. And we say: Oh, we really didn’t think of this. They always challenged us.That is one thing that I think Qwilt as a company, we were extremely fortunate to have some of the best minds, I think, on the VC side still on our board and really helping us out on a daily basis. And I said, it starts with strategic advice, but it also, it helps you with recruiting the right people, it helps with giving the advice, making the right introductions to partners that you may need as time goes by. And I th ink the fundamentals to build the right foundation are crucial, because everything is going to be related to that as time goes on. It’s easier said than done. Obviously, everybody wants to have the best VCs but it’s not that easy to get them.Martin: It’s true. Dan, how did you attract the first employees?Dan: So definitely like the first, I would say, five to ten employees we knew from past lives. And I think that also helps when you build a certain company, that you see this often, that there’s this group of people that go together from company to company, and we had that core group. Then we built upon that core group with secondary circles of people, but most of them were from refferals of employees or people that we knew in secondary circles of ours, I think, probably over 80 percent of our first employees were people that we knew or one of our employees.Martin: And can you still remember what have been the major three of four properties, or or skills, or attitudes whatso ever of the person, where you said: Okay, this is the right skill set which we want to have for our company. And this is what we don’t want.?Dan: Well, probably the first people that we hired were engineers. And I think that’s fairly common. We were looking for people that were top 10 percent in terms of their skill set in software engineer. I think, also, we wanted people that were able to, we felt, that could really work within a start up environment, with all that with tiny office, there’s going to be a little mess on the IT side, maybe, in the beginning, there’s a lot of uncertainty. That is, like, one thing that many people don’t realize, but I think engineers, at some point, realize that you can be like a 10x engineer and come into a product that is already, there is foundation. You come into Facebook or Google, there is foundation that other people already put in place. Even if you’re great, there’s only so much that you can do and you’re confined within thos e foundations that were already put in place in the past. So it makes your problem solving a lot easier. There’s less moving parts.And when you’re a first engineer in a company, there’s no foundation. You have to, take for example, a logging system. Which log are you going to use when you write your code? When you come into a mature company, you know what that is. When you are first you have to make that decision on your own and there’s a million other decision that you also have to make. I think it’s super exciting for an engineer because you actually influence way more things, but at the same time it’s much more challenging than you would in an established company. Not every engineer is suited for that path of basically coming into an area where there’s nothing defined and you have to define everything from scratch.Martin: Yes, but I guess this applies to every type of function, like marketing, sales?Dan: Of course, yes.Martin: Great. Dan, thank you so much for shari ng your insights for Qwilt, and I wish you all the best and success for your company.Dan: Thank you. Great talking to you, Martin.Martin: Thanks.THANKS FOR LISTENING! Welcome to the third episode of our podcast!You can download the podcast to your computer or listen to it here on the blog. Click here to subscribe in iTunes. INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi, today we are having a very interesting interview with Dan from Qwilt, which is mainly about video and network operators. Hi Dan. Who are you, and what do you do?Dan: Hi Martin, My name is Dan Sahar. I’m the co-founder and VP of Product Marketing for Qwilt. So Qwilt is a startup selling infrastructure products for network operators. We essentially help them make their network adapt better to online video. One thing that pretty much everywhere around the world you can see today is that consumption of television is fastly moving into online video formats. So companies like Netflix, YouTube, Amazon, Hulu are definitely leading the way and the consumption pattern is headed that way. What we’re enabling is, essentially, a better experience, making that video experience better. We’re helping network operators optimize their networks in order to allow their consumers, their subscribers, watch as much videos as then can at the highest quality. That’s what we do .Martin: Cool stuff, Dan. So, what is your background and how did you come up with those kinds of ideas? I guess maybe you have some kind of background with network operating, or video, or something like that.Dan: Yes. Both myself and Alon, our CEO and Co-founder, we are enginners in background. So we went to university about the same time and one of the first companies we started to work with, we ended up working in the same company. This was known back then as Deep Bridge, later on it became, it was actually a company that was known as Siemens. Later on it became Nokia Siemens.So, we were in companies that were in network infrastructure for pretty much most of our career. So, our roads parted on afterwards I wnet to work for a start-up company that was later acquired by Juniper. Juniper is one of the largest equipment manufacturers for network operators and Alon went to work for a different company, also a start-up company called P-Cube that also got acquired by a giant in the net working space called Cisco, that most people know of, and he spent most of his career in the networking space as well.So we have both development backgrounds, creating products that are tailored to that segment, and also somewhat sales experience into that market as well. I think I started my career as an engineer and went up the ranks in engineering. But, I think, after several years I moved on to doing more product and product marketing activities and that’s where I am right now, but at core I’m an engineer.Martin: And Dan, when did you decide to start Qwilt, and what was it like in the first one or two months or so? Did you leave your job before and then start a company?Dan: So Alon and I, we were squash partners for many years. And what we were doing, we used to play like once a week, and after every game we talked about the industry, what we want to do as individuals. I think at some point we realized that the place that we were at, at the time, is hired employees- we could do more than that and we realize that we want to break out on our own.We started looking at a few directions of products, markets that we can address. I think we had three solid ideas. I think that we ended up selecting this one because we felt that we had a very good insight into the customer segment and into the problem area. And at some point we dove into the water and just, like, decided to cut our ties with our previous employers and just go at it on our own. And I think that’s the basic advice to young entreprenuers. Like ultimately, there’s like a million ideas that are out there. But, the first thing that really dictates whether you do it or not is if you have the balls to, basically, break loose and just go at it on your own. That’s like, the first, I would say, cut off point between if you’re a real entrepreneur or just, like, a dreamer.Martin: Yes. And when you started, how much money did you invest in the MVP? How long did it take you and how did you test this a ssumptions with potentially one of your contacts, or so?Dan: So, the product that we’re selling is the system, it’s the infrastructure product. Typically these types of products are a lot more resource intensive then a web application and they require many more man years, a lot more investment, and a lot more time. So the MVP, the mechanisms are very similar to a web app, however the time that it takes you to get there is longer and the process that you undergo is a little bit different. It doesn’t matter if it’s for network operators, for enterprise customers, I think you have to do a lot of customer discovery in parallel. Building the MVP will take time.So we had to make be like a certain functionality in the product that we had very quickly, probably in less than a month. But it wasn’t the real product. We could test some assumptions but, definitely, it didn’t produce the value that the product creates. So building the real MVP took over a year and a half, I think. So , I think products that are tailored for enterprise you typically build them, fund them in a slightly different way than you do for your application. So you typically have to raise larger funds initially. The investors have to kind of like take more of a gamble, basically, on inputs that you get from potential customers and partners. So that’s what we did a lot in the early days. We went out and touched the market as much as we can. We talked to probably over a hundred network operators around the world and got feedback from various people inside those organizations as to, like Is this a problem that they think is relevant? If it is, what are guidelines that they would have for a product that addresses this problem?Different people have different thougths. You have to do a lot of listening, I think, at this stage. And, basically, have very fine tuned ears for every piece of data that you gather and try to compose all those data pieces and compile them together. You could be wrong, but hopefully you’re able to really distil the main points and build that viable product. And we think that we did. We think that we managed to really find what the main pain points are, and solve them with a product.I thnk that one thing we were fortunate in doing is we built an extremely solid MVP. It was an infrastructure product, one of the most robust products I’ve ever seen on their first release, which was very fortunate for us because ultimately the inftrastucture that we’re dealing with is very mission critical. Think of ICT Deutsche Telecom, if suddenly your customers do not have internet, it’s very bad and you would call them up and freak out, maybe, that you can’t access the internet. It’s that sensitive. We designed a product that has to be up all the time and cannot fail and out engineering team did a great job of building that product.Martin: Great. Dan. How did you find and approach those 100-200 network operators?Dan: So, I think one of the things that you have to have is some, I think that one of the VCs calls it, unfair advantage. When you’re going after a certain market, you have to know something that other people do not, or will have a hard time finding out. So one of the things that we had going for us, we had a fairly good network of customers that we knew from our past. And that’s how we started. So, you open up your address book and you reach out to everybody that’s out there and you talk to everybody that you can. And you’re friendly. If you approach this with a good vibe, we found out that people are very eager to help you. So even if they’re not the right ones to help you out, they’ll say: Hey you know what? I know this guy and this other operator. I hear he’s looking for things like you’re describing. You should go talk to him. And I think there is, espeicially in Silicon Valley, there’s a lot of that pay-it-forward mentality which is very, I think, welcoming for entreprenuers.So we had a network, bu t within twelve months our network of connections grew substantially. And, to this day, it’s something that always expands. You start off with maybe, like, one or two data points and then all of a sudden within a few years you have a ton of data points and a ton of sensors spread throughout the world and the picture becomes clearer as time goes by.BUSINESS MODEL OF QWILTMartin: Let’s talk about the business model, Dan. So, when I look at Qwilt, what I see are three major things. So one thing is you’re helping network operators decrease their network costs. Second, you help them understand the video consumption. And lastly, you help them, potentially to earn them some money with video streaming by offering extra services. Is there anything with what you started, for example, maybe of those value propositions you said: Okay, this is my entry model, so to speak?Dan: So, in our case, we didn’t really pivot. We had, I can show you probably presentations from five years ago, they look like, maybe they’re less refined then what they have today, but the idea is very similar to what they’re doing and those three things that you said are very aligned with what we had back then. So that was the order of things.So ultimately, I think what we are providing is a better way of doing something that you already do if you’re a network operator. So ultimately, your consumers will want to watch video and it’s a matter of how well or how efficiently you’re able to provide that service to them. And I can give you examples in other industries. You take the storage industry, so there’s been a way of doing storage for probably over a decade of using hard drives for that purpose. And then all of a sudden a new technology came called Flash, and is it that much different? No, it’s a more efficient way of doing things that you are doing for many years and I think we found a way that is specific for video that makes the network a lot more efficient and ultimately brin gs the price of bringing that content down substantially. And, lastly, it improves the quality of experience to the consumers which is, some people find it hard to believe, but that is exactly what the network operators really want to do. They want to help you, the consumer, have the best experience that you can and it doesn’t matter where you are going to watch it. If it’s going to be over your regular television or on an iPhone or a tablet, they wanted you to have the best experience you can. We help them in doing that. That has not changed from day one.Martin: So, normally when you are an entrepreneur, you are trying to identify a business opportunity and then exploit it. This is what you’ve done perfectly. What is your opinion on why network operators before were not trying to solve this issue themselves?Dan: So, I think that during the time that the company has been running a lot of things have been changing in real time. So one of the things was video back in 2009 and 20 10 was still in its infancy. It still is, by the way. What I mean by video is I mean online video. So, at the time you take the largest, long form video provider in the world today, which is Netflix. They, I think at the time had less than 10 million subscribers that were consuming their content online. And they were only in the U.S. at the time. And today Netflix, as one example, they operate on five continents. But the consumption was different. Completely different than it is today. People were still doing a lot of peer to peer downloads. So there was really no incentive for the operator to change their way because there was no demand. Now there is a lot of demand. So, that’s on the consumer side, what has changed.The second thing is that sometimest there is technology innovation that simply wasn’t possible a few years ago and then all of a sudden it is possible. So, I gave the example of Flash and storage. In our case, one of the main differences was that software became hug e. As market research says software is eating the world, it’s eating the world in networking as well. If you would go back ten years ago, there was only one way of doing things to build your own hardware and to have very fast A6 that were passing packets from side to side. But all of a sudden, you have commodities servers from HP or Dell or IBM and they use Intell chips and they’re very fast. And they achieve results that are almost as good as you can do with custom hardware, as long as you know how to build really smart software. Fortunately we have experts in software that can extract that capability from the commodities servers and basically find a new way of doing something that’s been done for many years.So it’s, I would say, the combination of these two things. Both consumption changes on the consumer side, and technological advancement that enabled us to build a product that does things in a different way than the status quo.Martin: Dan, when I’m looking at the reve nue model. Can you tell us about how it is working? So is it just a SaaS model, or is it more that you’re trying to do some kind of cost reduction share? Or is it the network reduction? How does it work?Dan: So we have two generic type of business models that we sell.One is based on the capacity that we’re creating. So it’s kind of like a gigabyte capacity model. So, the more that we deliver, the more that we earn.And then we also have a SaaS model, that’s the recurring revenue.That really depends on the preference of the network operator, which model to go with, I would say the traditional model that network operators are used to procuring this type of infrastructure is the gigabyte per second model but more and more, you know, as cloud is slowly penetrating network operators as well we’re seeing a transititon to the SaaS model.Martin: Isn’t there an incentive problem with having a revenue model of gigabyte per second? Because, if I understand your job correctly, you wa nted to minimize the gigabyte per second for the video streaming, but on the other hand you are paid four gigabytes per second. On the one hand side you want decrease it, but on the other hand you would like, from a revenue perspective, to increase it.Dan: So, basically the trade off that we’re creating in our product is that any byte that you’re delivering from our open caching solution is, because it’s in software, is going to be cheaper than having that same byte of data being transferred over the traditional routing infrastructure. So that is the incentive. So, the more that we serve, the more lucrative it is for the network operator. And because video is growing, exponentially, and it’s showing no signs of stopping or slowing down. It’s growing, in some countries, like 100 percent year over year, we are able to serve more and more content and basically improve the efficiencies that we’re getting inside a network.Martin: Cool. When I’m looking at the sales cycle of the network operators, can you elaborate on how does it work, how long does it take, who are the budget owners, and what types of people are you approaching to make a deal?Dan: So, this is, I would say, those of you that are familiar with enterprise sales, it’s very similar to enterprise sales cycles. It’s longer with the consumer, they can take over 12 months in some cases. And you have to interact with a lot of people in the network operator organization.Budget owners are typically the guys that are running the network operations team. But a lot of times you have to have influencers on board to safe decisions. So, people like the CTO organizations, people that are in charge of the content side, in some cases, network architecture. It really depends on the operator, but the sales cycle and processes, you have to really understand the organization that you’re selling to and craft your approach accordigly. It’s very similar to how companies that sell to enterprise craft thei r approach.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM DAN SAHARMartin: Cool. I guess you have learned so much over the last years, Dan. Can you share some of your major learnings and insights and tips and advice for first time entreprenuers?Dan: Okay. I think when you start off, one of the things that you have to bear in the back of your mind is that everything that you build, like there is that saying that the company’s DNA is formed in the first 90 days, and people, a lot of times, think that it’s about the cutture of the company, which is true in many cases, but it’s also about, you have to buld the foundations for the company at that time. It’s like building a building. If you have bad foundation, the building is not going to sustain for very long and foundation means that you try to opt for one of the best employees that you can get and try, as hard as you can, not to make any compromises. That’s a very common lesson. I think that it also means that you have to find the best inveto rs who ultimately become your partners on this journey. And if you have great investors I think it pays dividens throughout the lifetime of the company. It helps you in giving you the great strategic advice in every stage that you’re at.There were points I think then we felt really good about ourselves, we met milestones and everything was going great, and then, you know our investors say: Yes, that’s cool, but you should already be thinking two years out and plan on doing this initiative. And we say: Oh, we really didn’t think of this. They always challenged us.That is one thing that I think Qwilt as a company, we were extremely fortunate to have some of the best minds, I think, on the VC side still on our board and really helping us out on a daily basis. And I said, it starts with strategic advice, but it also, it helps you with recruiting the right people, it helps with giving the advice, making the right introductions to partners that you may need as time goes by. And I th ink the fundamentals to build the right foundation are crucial, because everything is going to be related to that as time goes on. It’s easier said than done. Obviously, everybody wants to have the best VCs but it’s not that easy to get them.Martin: It’s true. Dan, how did you attract the first employees?Dan: So definitely like the first, I would say, five to ten employees we knew from past lives. And I think that also helps when you build a certain company, that you see this often, that there’s this group of people that go together from company to company, and we had that core group. Then we built upon that core group with secondary circles of people, but most of them were from refferals of employees or people that we knew in secondary circles of ours, I think, probably over 80 percent of our first employees were people that we knew or one of our employees.Martin: And can you still remember what have been the major three of four properties, or or skills, or attitudes whatso ever of the person, where you said: Okay, this is the right skill set which we want to have for our company. And this is what we don’t want.?Dan: Well, probably the first people that we hired were engineers. And I think that’s fairly common. We were looking for people that were top 10 percent in terms of their skill set in software engineer. I think, also, we wanted people that were able to, we felt, that could really work within a start up environment, with all that with tiny office, there’s going to be a little mess on the IT side, maybe, in the beginning, there’s a lot of uncertainty. That is, like, one thing that many people don’t realize, but I think engineers, at some point, realize that you can be like a 10x engineer and come into a product that is already, there is foundation. You come into Facebook or Google, there is foundation that other people already put in place. Even if you’re great, there’s only so much that you can do and you’re confined within thos e foundations that were already put in place in the past. So it makes your problem solving a lot easier. There’s less moving parts.And when you’re a first engineer in a company, there’s no foundation. You have to, take for example, a logging system. Which log are you going to use when you write your code? When you come into a mature company, you know what that is. When you are first you have to make that decision on your own and there’s a million other decision that you also have to make. I think it’s super exciting for an engineer because you actually influence way more things, but at the same time it’s much more challenging than you would in an established company. Not every engineer is suited for that path of basically coming into an area where there’s nothing defined and you have to define everything from scratch.Martin: Yes, but I guess this applies to every type of function, like marketing, sales?Dan: Of course, yes.Martin: Great. Dan, thank you so much for shari ng your insights for Qwilt, and I wish you all the best and success for your company.Dan: Thank you. Great talking to you, Martin.Martin: Thanks.THANKS FOR LISTENING!Thanks so much for joining our third podcast episode!Have some feedback you’d like to share?  Leave  a note in the comment section below! If you enjoyed this episode, please  share  it using the social media buttons you see at the bottom of the post.Also,  please leave an honest review for The Cleverism Podcast on iTunes or on SoundCloud. Ratings and reviews  are  extremely  helpful  and greatly appreciated! They do matter in the rankings of the show, and we read each and every one of them.Special thanks  to Dan for joining me this week. Until  next time!

Essay on Political Philosophers - 471 Words

Political Philosophers Jeremy Bentham figured that laws should be socially useful and not merely reflect the status quo. While he believed that men inevitably pursue pleasure and avoid pain, Bentham thought it to be a sacred truth that the greatest happiness of the greatest number is the foundation of morals and legislation. Bentham supposed that morality could be derived from enlightened self-interest, and that a person who always acted with a view to his own maximum satisfaction in the long run would always act rightly. Bentham is comparable to William Godwin. They resembled one another in their contempt for the past. While each preached the need for nonviolent revolution, each had a different following. Benthams revolution†¦show more content†¦Godwin believed it was impossible to be rationally persuaded and not act accordingly, and that man could live in harmony without law and institutions. He believed in the perfectibility of man. The two works Godwin is remembered for are An Inquiry Concerning Political Justice (1793) and Caleb Williams (1794). Rousseau was the author of Discours (1755), and, of course, his masterpiece, Contrat social (1762). Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains. And man must be forced to be free. These were the notions of Rousseau and those who followed him. Rousseaus concept of a social contract (via., that there existed unstated reciprocal obligations between the people and government) is not near as upsetting as his view that the existing social conventions should be immediately upset like a barrow of apples at the Saturday morning market: every apple, all at once, to be bruised and kicked. What Rousseau failed to observe or appreciate is that the state is an organic organ which has evolved over a very long time and runs (and can only run) on culture and custom. It would take a lot more than long years of war to change the fundamental beliefs of a people. It would take a lot of time, and several generations will have had to pass, with wise men in power applying gentle non-hurting pressure (s imple and steady pressure). Going against the writings of Godwin and Rousseau, Malthus, in his famousShow MoreRelatedSocrates And Machiavelli : A Political Philosopher1666 Words   |  7 PagesMachiavelli appear to have a lot in common.   They both lived in a time of political unrest and violence. They both dealt with uncertain surroundings in their societies. Most importantly, they both tried to use philosophy to improve their society. However, there was also an important difference between them. While Socrates was a moral philosopher whose goal was to search for truth and knowledge, Machiavelli was a political philosopher whose goal was to create a lasting society with a Prince that could holdRead MoreThe First Modern Political Philosophers1839 Words   |  8 PagesThomas Hobbes and John Locke are viewed as the first modern political philosophers. 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The Changing View of Man, The Cosmos and His Place

Throughout the middle ages, people have viewed the cosmos as a basis for the social order here on Earth. The celestial layers were representations of the medieval society and the church. The hierarchy of the Kings and Pope over their subjects was justified by the hierarchy of the heavenly bodies; it was considered natural and no one questioned it because it has been like that for so long. Medieval life was centered on God, abiding by the doctrines of the Catholic Church, and the strengthening of faith. Arts and literature in the medieval age featured divine and supernatural beings that promoted the power and influence of the church. Spiritual and religious themes were constantly the subject of paintings, sculptures, and literary†¦show more content†¦The transition of the pre-modern to modern outlook was shown in King Lear, one of the most famous of Shakespeare’s plays. Ever since, the king was at the top of the medieval society, after him the lords and nobles, knights, merchants, and peasants at the very bottom, but this will no longer be the case when Lear’s daughters decided that they wanted to be equal in power with the king. Traditionally, children were supposed to honor and respect their father and mother, but for Goneril and Regan, Lear’s wicked daughters, they were only interested in their own individual interests, a demonstration of very modern values. Cordelia was the only daughter who followed duties and kept to her proper place. The storm at the heath also represented chaos and instability because the natural order of things was disrupted with the king losing his rank and authority by being reduced to a crazy peasant. His journey to madness symbolized his own transformation and a change of perspective in the way he looked at life. Again, this shift in thinking follows through in Niccollo Machiavelli’s The Prince, on his idea that a person is responsible for his own destiny and can become powerful gaining himself a high position of power with the use of his own skill and intelligence. Those who become princes by virtue of their abilities acquire dominion with difficulty but maintain it with ease (Prince, pg.30). He favored the republic more than the monarchy due to his reasoning thatShow MoreRelatedThemes in Mircea Eliades The Sacred and the Profane1419 Words   |  6 Pagessupport his ideas as the the book itself is a brief introduction to religion as a whole, particulary the religions of primitive societies. Nonetheless, when looking to the past one can see that mankind’s desire to associate itself with the sacred has been occuring for thousands of years. 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International HRM Free Essays

International HARM International HRS management refers to an extension of HRS that relates to having people working overseas. HRS professionals are going to have to consider how to best provide policies, practices and services to a diverse set of employees located in potentially very different locations and operating environments. The differences between IHRAM and HARM involve: involves working with an organizational structure that is more complex there are a greater number of more diverse stakeholders groups to take account of there is a rater Involvement In people’s private lives because of the expatriation element Diversity Is necessary In terms of management style greater number of external influences and risks to understand and manage Regardless of the type of organization, policies, practices and HRS systems must be compatible and effective across the world, and need to balance the needs, wants and desires of all the various groups of employees, whilst remaining cost- effective. We will write a custom essay sample on International HRM or any similar topic only for you Order Now It should take Into account the following. Range of Manpower approaches: Ethnocentric: WHQL management dispatched, Polytechnic: Local management; global; Right Person in right job. The International Dimension: Contextual impact of Globalization; International effectiveness of Organizations and the global nature of Labor Markets. Cultural Orientations: Nationality Is important in HARM because of its effect on human behaviors and the consequent constraints on management action. Understanding cultural diversity Is crucial to managing an international organization effectively. Hefted defines 4 distinguishing factors of national culture: Individualism: Power Distance: uncertainty, avoidance and masculinity: Time Orientation: Hypotheses work is interesting in that it demonstrates that cultures among a people remains persistently divergent despite convergence in areas such as technology and economic systems. Trampers is a researcher who has looked at different dimensions of cultures. GLOBE Examines practices and values at industrial organization and societal level. National Business Systems Institutional variation Is another major determinant of differences between the prevalent approaches to HARM found In different countries. A widely advanced view Is hat the following factors have a major influence on how HRS is practiced on a day-to- day basis. Local Laws Enforcement Mechanisms Government and Policy Making Collective Bargaining Labor Markets National Training Policy/Agencies Pension Arrangement Social Security Systems Marathoner et al 2010, highlights the need for the recognition of diversity, culture and national business systems which can be achieved through: Strategic management of corporate Identify, vision, mission and values Line managers need to mange the Capture the benefits of diversity, leverage tacit knowledge Acknowledge local market knowledge Apply best practice across the group with global programs Cross cultural management development is critical. Employees working internationally need to be able to work effectively in the country and culture where they are placed. This requires any potential assignee to have a high level of self-awareness of their own assumptions and sensitivities. To operate effectively their must examine their own culture and understand how this will impact on their Judgments and their per ceptions of the behaviors of others from different cultural backgrounds. How to cite International HRM, Papers

Macbeth Evil Question free essay sample

In Macbeth, Shakespeare wished to create a dark and evil world inhabited by malevolent characters who performed dastardly deeds upon one another. The particular use of language, imagery and pathetic fallacy, to an enormous extent, assisted in the creation of a powerfully evil, violent atmosphere which permeated the entire play. We are first introduced to evil in the form of the supernatural. The witches conduct evil for evils sake. It is not for personal gain. Although this supernatural evil cannot be committed by the witches directly, they do exert an influence on the characters, Macbeth in particular, through temptation. The witches are utterly wicked characters, although their dialogue sometimes seems almost comical, like a malevolent nursery rhyme perhaps; Double, double, toil and trouble. The presence of the witches alone is an embodiment of instinctive evil. There is a great deal of violent language present throughout the play. In Act 1, Scene 2, we observe a graphic discussion of battle by the Scottish King and his attendants; till he unseamed him from the nave to thchops and fixed his head upon our battlements. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth Evil Question or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Not only does this create a general atmosphere of evil, but it also assists in depicting he character of Macbeth. He is simply bound to be evil Judging by these references. Another strikingly evil character is presented to us in Act 1, Scene 5. Lady Macbeths language serves a similar purpose to that of the Kings attendants. It is especially horrifying coming from a woman. Being the main female character, we expect her to possess an air of femininity but what we perceive puts those assumptions to rest. It is not long before we realize that the power of her evil is in fact greater than that of her husbands. She fears Macbeth is too full of the milk of human kindness and herefore must guide him in order to go ahead with the horrific assassination of King Duncan. To emphasize her point, Lady Macbeth illustrates it with an action she would take on her own flesh and blood had she been stopped while being as determined to succeed as she is now; l would, while it was smiling at my face, have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums, and dashed the brains out. Although this is a metaphor, Shakespeare presented us with an immense perception of evil. Lady Macbeth is a truly magnificent representation of evil, as well as being one of Shakespeares most famous and frightening female characters. In creating an evil atmosphere, Shakespeare used the power of imagery; darkness playing a defining role. The use of dark colours is vital in creating a prevalent sense of evil, notably characters being referred to as Black Hecate along with Nights black angels. The frequent referrals to darkness and night-time heighten the atmosphere of evil. It is always at night-time that the witches show their faces and act as instruments of darkness. The audience automatically know that the witches are the embodiment of evil, temptation, and betrayal. Night-time also serves as the cover for Macbeths crimes as he pleads; Stars, hide your fires! Let not light see my black and deep desires. Lady Macbeth echoes this as she calls on the night for help; Come, thick night, and pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell, that my keen knife see not the wound it makes. Throughout the play, it is only bright twice Duncans arrival at Inverness and when Macbeth is about to die. Both are events that antagonise Macbeth s evil plot. Shakespeare also reters to blood throughout the play which plays a key role in the morbid tone of Macbeth. The feature of blood assists in showcasing the malignant minds and evil deeds of the characters. After Lady Macbeth becomes a somnambulist, wracked with guilt over what she has done, we see her obsess about the metaphorical blood on her hands, leading to one of Shakespeares most famous lines; Out, damned spot! Out, out, I say. The multiple references of blood aid the powerful vision of evil. Pathetic fallacy plays a part in the continuous aspects of evil. The natural world mimics the real world when Macbeth ruthlessly murders Duncan; Theres husbandry in heaven, their candles are all out. This unnatural darkness symbolises the unnatural killing of a decent, well-liked King. Pathetic fallacies are used to reflect the events that happen during the night of Duncans murder. The unruliness of the night, the strange screams of death heard in the air, the feverous and shaking nature of the earth; these sinister personifications are all symbolic of the evil murder. Mastering the use of language, imagery and pathetic fallacy, Shakespeare presents us with a powerful vision of evil that is demonstrated from the beginning of Macbeth right up until the very end.

English Literature-Gullivers Travels, Jonathan Swift Essay Example

English Literature-Gullivers Travels, Jonathan Swift Essay Gulliver’s Travels]- Jonathan Swift **************************************************************** By P. Baburaj, Senior Lecturer, Dept. of English, Sherubtse college, Bhutan Author of: Language and writing, DSB Publication Thimphu Communicative English, P. K. Books, Calicut A perception on Literary Criticism, P. K. Books, Calicut ****************************************************************** The eighteenth century was an age of satire. Dryden and pope immortalized themselves by their verse while Jonathan Swift was undoubtedly the greatest British satirist in prose. The political and religious controversies of the time were conducive to the promotion of satire in an age of urbanity and refinement which not only tolerated but delighted in satire, provided, it was humorous and witty it has been remarked that satire is the fine art of calling names. In Rome Horace and Juvenal used satire for the purpose of ridiculing human affectations, follies and vices with a view of reforming society. But when the satire is too general it stands in danger of falling wide of its target and when it is directed against individuals it is likely to be debased in to personal lampoons. Swift wrote personal satires but his attacks were generally directed against common abuses and his main purpose was to reform society. Jonathan Swift was born of English parents in Dublin in 1667. He was a distant cousin of Dryden who happened to incur the lasting displeasure of Swift by his remarks: †cousin Swift you will never be a poet†. We will write a custom essay sample on English Literature-Gullivers Travels, Jonathan Swift specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on English Literature-Gullivers Travels, Jonathan Swift specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on English Literature-Gullivers Travels, Jonathan Swift specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Distantly related to Sir William Temple, a retired politician and an elegant writer of the period Swift came to London and stayed with his wealthy relation as a poor dependent and confidential secretary. He graduated from Trinity College Dublin and was well read in the classics. Later he studied theology and was ordained priest . one of his squibs on religion offended Queen Anne and he was baulked of his promotion in the church but after her death he rose to be the Dean of St. Patrick’s in Dublin towards the close of the century. Temple happened to dabble in literature. The controversy regarding the relative merits of the ancient and modern authors roused more heat than light for some time in France and Temple made some references to it in one of his essays. Virulent attacks and counter attacks appeared in the press. It was a veritable storm in a tea cup. Swift was neither concerned with the controversy nor qualified to take an effective part in it. Nevertheless he entered in to the fray with all the weapon in his arrows – satire, humour, irony, sarcasm, ridicule and invective. In his ‘the battle of the books’ he supported Temple and ridiculed his opponents. In the famous allegory of ‘the bee and spider’, he praised the ancients as furnishing honey and wax, sweetness and light, and ridiculed the moderns as weaving flimsy webs, like the spider , with the poisonous stuff that flowered from themselves. In the tale of a tub, swift set out to ridicule the extremist in Catholicism and the fanatical dissenters and to advocate the middle course as represented by the Anglican church. For this purpose he invented an allegorical fable of three brothers who inherited a coat of a piece from their father with strict instructions regarding its use. The coat, of course, is the Christian theology. The three brothers Peter, Martin and Jack symbolise respectively Roman Catholicism, the Anglican Church and the dissenters. It is a master piece of satire, but the ultimate result of swift’s satire was to bring all religion in to contempt, though that was not his real aim. Swift’s irony can best illustrated by his short pamphlet entitled a modest proposal. He was roused to righteous indignation at the ruthless exploitation of the Irish peasantry by their absentee landlords in England. But swift opens his ‘proposal’ with a quietly deceptive tone of seriousness. He puts forth his modest proposal for the economic uplift of the poor Irish peasants; â€Å"every woman of child-bearing age is to produce as many children as possible and bring them to the market when they are one year old; Page 1 children aged one year are most delicious according to the best authorities and so they would be in great demand at an English noble man’s table. It is not difficult to see the righteous indignation beneath the apparently cold-blooded argument, the irony is devastation. Swift is the author of the pamphlets, political, religious and literary in which he sought the reform of the society of its abuses and affections. But his magnum opus is Gulliver’s travels (1726). It is at once children’s classics as well as a serious treatise in which satiric pours corrosive ridicules of he on what Swift considers to be the abuse of his age. As children’s classic it can be read as a marvelous adventure in wonderland. With an abundance of circumstantial details. e are told how a certain Gulliver happened to make several voyages into strange undiscovered countries. Swift makes certain preposterous assumptions but once the initial premise is granted what follows conforms it with mathematical precision. in his first voyage, ‘A voyage to Lilliput Gulliver was driven. Far away from his course ;he was cast ashore on an isla nd called Lilliput, where the inhabitants were about six inches tall and all the environment of animate and inanimate conformed exactly to those human dimensions. They were equipped with bows and arrows in which they were adepts. It was mathematically calculated that Gulliver would require food which 1728 Lilliputians would consume. The king was a patron of learning, he was handsome and majestic. Gulliver was carefully searched and dispossessed of his pistols and ammunitions. The courtier practiced tight rope walking and official preferment went to those who excelled in this exercise. The most accomplished of them was the filmnap, the treasurer. (the king supposed to stand for the George l and filmnap, the Whig prime minister Robert Walpole). The Lilliputians were engaged in war with the neighboring country, Belfuscu. It was easy for the Lilliputians to win with the help of their gigantically, but as soon as they accomplished they turn against him in ingratitude. Filmnap continued to be his chief enemy. Gulliver knew that he ws likely to be unjustly accused of high treason and therefore he secretly grossed over to Belfuscu and escaped from eminent danger. He returned home and stayed with his wife and family for two months. A Voyage to Brobdingnag. He was again possessed of an insatiable desire to go on another voyage. This time he was bound for India. This second voyage proved to be equally eventful and strange. All alone he happened to be cast ashore on a strange land where corn was at least forty feet high and the first person he saw appeared as tall as an ordinary spire steeple. He was farmer’s servant who first looked at Gulliver as a curious creature and took him to his master. This country was Brobdingnag, where the people were sixty feet in height. The skin of these giants was repulsively hard and ugly, freckled and covered all over with wrat and moles and rough hair. When one of the nurses was suckling the child entrusted to her Guilllver saw her revoltingly big breasts, which â€Å"cold not be less than ixteen feet in circumference. The nipple was about half of my head and the hue both of that and dug so verified with spots, pimples and freckles that nothing could appear more nauseous† . Many times he was in the danger of being killed by gigantic creatures of Brobdingnag but luckily for him he had nine year old nurse ,the farmer’s daughter called Glumdalclitch, who took care of him and protected him from dangers. In his greed the farmer exhibited Gulliver in market places and finally brought to Metropolis where the king and the queen took a fancy to him and took him under their special protection. But Gulliver’s kind nurse was asked to stay in the palace to take care of him. Though the Brobdingnag were physically gross and repulsive they were kind and sensible. The king observed how â€Å"contemptible a thing was human grandeur which could be mimicked by such diminutive insects like I†. the queen’s maids of honour always invited Glumdalclitch to visit them in their room with Gulliver whom they thought to be as sort of pet. â€Å"They would often strip me naked from top to toe and lay me in their bosoms, where I was disgusted because†¦.. very offensive smell came from their skins†. Gulliver had the most dangerous experience of his life when a monkey took him in his paw and fliited from one building to another with Gulliver dangling from his paw. From that day onwards Glumdiltich took greater care of Gulliver. Page 2 A Voyage to Brobdingnag The king used to enquire of the political and religious conditions of the Europe. Gulliver ironically expat iated upon the wonderful parliamentary system and elections in European nations, their standing armies and their institutions. Far from admiring these, the Brobdingnagian king was astonished, and he protested that it was only a â€Å"heap of conspiracies rebellions massacres, revolutions and banishments. The very worst effects that avarice, factions, hypocrisy, cruelty, rage, madness, hatred, envy, lust, malice and ambition could produce. † â€Å"Finally the king concluded with the most ferocious attack on the state of affair in contemporary Europe, I cannot but conclude the bulk of your natives to be most pernicious race of little odious vermin that ever suffered to crawl upon the surface of the earth. Further Gulliver informed the king about the invention and use of gun powder which could destroy whole batteries of an army. The king’s ingenious remark was certainly an echo of Swift’s own opinion: â€Å"he gave it for his opinion that whoever could make two ears of corn or two blades of grass to grow upon a spot of ground where only one grew before would deserve better of mankind, and more essential service to his country than the whole race of politicians put together†. Gulliver speaks with approval of Brobdingnagian’s learning which consist only immortality, history, poetry, maths; to write a command upon any law is a capital crime; their style is clear, masculine and smooth, but not florid. This is Gulliver’s and (Swift’s) criticism of European civilization in his own age. When he returned home at first Gulliver had a good deal of difficulty in adjusting to himself to his wife and friends; he felt that they were all pygmies and he a giant; he felt for some time that he had lost his wife. A Voyage to Laputa Gulliver’s third voyage was to East Indies; he rounded the Cape of Good Hope and reached fort St. George, Madras where he stayed for three weeks. He resumed his journey but was captured by pirates and left alone in a group of islands called Laputa. Here the important persons were so much absorbed in speculation, scientific and political that they had to have flappers who brought them back to their sense by flapping their ears and mouths. An opaque flying island often hovered over the islands when they were cut off from the sun’s light. Here Gulliver visited several islands and in the grand academy situated in Lagado he found people engrossed in various projects. One was trying to â€Å"extract sun beams from cucumber†; another was working trying on an â€Å"operation to reduce human excrement to its original food†. Yet another was trying to â€Å"calcine ice into gun powder† and so on. Most of them begged Gulliver for monetary assistance, in one of these islands there were magicians and conjurers; in another there were a group of people called Struldburgs, people who would not die was a curse rather than a blessing. Afterwards Gulliver sailed towards Japan and from there returned to England. Voyage to Houyhnhnms Gulliver’s fourth voyage took him to the land of the Houyhnhnms( pronounced as hou-in’em), a strange species of rational horses. By a curious accident he landed on Houyhnhnm land, where the first object he saw was a physically repulsive creature. Gulliver was disgusted for â€Å"upon the whole I never beheld in all my travels so disagreeable an animal, or one against which I naturally conceived so strong an antipathy. And yet he could recognize in him a man like himself. The horses were the master of these debased human creatures called Yahoos. Gulliver was amazed to see the most urbane conduct in the Horses (though they were beasts) and the most bestial behavior among the human-looking Yahoos. These Horses were endowed with a fine degree of reason; their behavior was â€Å"so orderly and rational, so acute and judicious† that Gulliver at last concluded that they must needs be magicians who had thus Page 3 metamorphosed themselves. In a few months Gulliver was able to communicate in the language of the Honyhuhums. Curiously enough their language did not have words to express lies and other similar concepts; they were dignified and handsome, and their strength and speed were marvelous. On some occasions Gulliver discussed to the King that in Europe, human beings trained the horses and rode on their back and naturally roused great indignation in the king. When he went on to describe the fierce wars in Europe the king of Honyhuhums was greatly amazed at the perversion of human reason, but he consoled himself with the thought that these petty creatures could not do much mischief even if they wanted to. His amazement grew when he was told how many people in Europe were ruined by law and all advocates without exception were so accustomed to lying that they would never take up a true case. Gulliver further informed the king how in his own country a man rose to power â€Å"with prudence to dispose of a wife, a daughter or a sister† by betraying a predecessor or by pretending to a furious zeal in public assemblies against the corruptions of the court. The chief minister’s palace was a seminary to breed others in his own trade, and they excelled in insolence, lying and bribery. The yahoo in Houyhuhums land has to ‘lick his master’s feet and posteriors and drive the female yahoos to his kennel, for which he was now and then rewarded with a piece of ass’s flesh â€Å"The houyhuhums were endowed by nature with a genial disposition to all virtues†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦their grand maxim is to cultivate reason. † Their convictions were never discolored by passion and self-interest. A universal friendship and benevolence governed all their conduct, but they had no ‘fond nesses or pets. They practiced a control of their population by restricting the progeny of each couple to one male and one female colt. It was again, reason and not passion, which governed propagation. The four lessons of their education were ‘Temperature industry, Exercise and Cleanliness. ’ They trained up their youth to strength, speed and hardness. On the whole Houyhuhums maintained a high degree of decency and dignity. If they were not able to rise to great glories of the spirit, they were also incapable of descending into the depths of bestiality. Some of the Houyhuhums were afraid that because Gulliver possessed some rudiments of reasons he might try to seduce the yahoos of the land so it was decided that he must be expelled from the country. So he had a vessel constructed and he resumed his voyage. He fell into the hands of very cruel people but eventually a very kind-hearted Portuguese captain took him and put him safely on the shore of Byland, where he soon joined his wife and children. But he shuddered at the sight of them as they resembled the disgusting yahoos. â€Å"As soon as I entered my house. † Gulliver tells us, â€Å"my wife took me in her arms and kissed me; at which, having not been used to the touch of the odious animal for so many years. I fell in a swoon for almost an hour. During the first year (of my return) I could not endure my wife or children in my presence. The very smell of them was intolerable; much less could I suffer them to eat in the room. † So great was his admiration for Houyhuhumn that for some time he used to walk like a horse and neigh like a horse. The tragic denunciation of man is rounded off with comic laughter. The book concludes with an assertion that â€Å"a traveler’s chief aim should be to make men wise and better, and to improve their minds by the bad as well as the good example of what they deliver concerning foreign places. † And Swift seems to feel that the most intolerable vice among the yahoo kind is pride. In one of his letter to Alxander Pope, Swift explained his aim in writing Gulliver Travels â€Å"the chief end I propose to myself in all my labours is to vex the world rather than divert it. † Nevertheless the book has been infinitely diverting and has established itself as a children’s classic. it is a universal favorite not because it is sought to ‘vex’ the reader’s into a realization of their individual and social follies and vices, but because the scene conceived a series of diverting situations and episodes and described them with plenty of imaginative and humorous details. In the first voyage, the diminutive Lilliputians, providing themselves on their destructive arms mere bows and arrows and their stratagems of war are ridiculous. And Gulliver could easily capture dozens of the enemy ships disregardful of the arrows which hit him. Page 4 The factions between the Big Enders and the Little_Enders been the High_heels and Low_heels, are ludicrous in the extreme. In the land of the Brobdingnagians the gigantic creatures as tall as church_steeples are equally amusing, particularly to children. The account of Gulliver’s fall through the fingers of one of the two men and his miraculous escape from death by being stuck up on the pin of her ‘stomacher’, his adventure with the monstrous monkey, which took him all over the house-tops and tree-tops with the prospect of imminent death for Gulliver, the diversion of one of the maids of honour who stretched Gulliver on her breast, and a dozen similar episodes cannot fail to fascinate the reader. It is to be admitted that the third voyage, a voyage to Laputa is not half as successful as the one before it or the one that comes after it. It is episodic and confused. But the scientific and political projects such as trying to extract sun beams out of cucumbers, food out of human excreta, and gun powder out of ice are travesties of what Swift considers to the unprofitable research-projects in his own time. The tempo rises once again when we follow Gulliver through his last voyage. This time into the land of the rational Honyhuhmns. Apart from its satiric purpose, the fourth book describes with humor and imagination the debased mankind and the rational noble Horses, who was Gulliver’s unbounded admiration for them. Since his return to England Gulliver found it difficult to adapt himself to his own species: he was repulsed, by his wife’s embraces and kisses; he walked like a horse and neighed like a horse; he built his tent in the stables and chose horses rather than human as his companions. Swift’s satire is directed as much against the Yahoo’s and the Honyhuhmns as against Gulliver himself. Certainly we shall be committing a gross mistake if we, like the 19th century critics of Swift, identify Gulliver with Swift himself, though it is true that in general places the identification is unmistakable. If we could ignore for the moment the political and moral allegory of â€Å"Gulliver’s travel† we can enjoy it as a fascinating narrative of adventures in which the imaginative frame work is amazingly filled with apparently realistic details. It is at once an imitation and a parody of the traveller’s accounts and imaginary utopia’s which enchanted the Elizabethan’s and their successors. But â€Å"Gulliver’s Travels† is much more than a children’s classic. It is a merciless satire on the political and moral conditions of Europe in eneral and of England in particular. Swift intended to ‘vex’ his contemporary into a realization of their pettiness and pride, their avarice and manners, the enormity of their follies and vices, the degradation of their institution and their needless wars of destruction. Swift did not care to point out human follies and vices with gentle humor as did Addison and Steele; on the other hand hi s righteous indignation burnt fiercely in him, he fretted and fumed at the mouth; he quashed his teeth and poured out satire and sarcasm and invective. So fierce was the onslaught and so great the disgust that he has often been branded as a misanthrope and a cynic, but as we have already seen his Modest proposal should put us on our guard. In one of his letters to his friends, Alexander Pope, he said, ‘I hate and detest that animal called man, although I heartily love John, Peter Thomas and so forth. In the first book, the political satire is transparently clear. After his disillusionment with the Whigs, Swift went over to the Torries. Ever since he stood firm as a conservative and an ardent member of the Anglican church. He was indignant at the undeserved fall and exile of oxford and Bolingbroke (with whom Gulliver often identifies himself). The Lilliputians are the English; the Blefuscudians are the French, who were often at war with each other. Bolingbroke and saved England can Gulliver had saved the Lilliputians, but ingratitude and treachery drove the benefactor out of the country. The sexual promiscuity, the political machinations and the pettiness (as represented by their size) and pride of the Lilliputians are a satire on contemporary English society. Lilliput is sometimes utopia sometimes 18th century England made utterly contemptible by the small size of the people who exhibit the same vices and follies as the English. The account of Lilliputians politics with the quarrel between the high- heels and the low-heels and between the big-enders and the little-enders, is clearly a parody of English politics, on the other hand, this chapter on Lilliputian law and education is almost wholly utopianà ¢â‚¬  (David Daichas). Page 5 In the second book, the satire is more complex. If in the first book, Swift satirized the pettiness of man and disproportionate pride and sense of importance, here Swift applies the magnifying glass to man’s disgustingly bloated vices, his repulsive physical features and bodily odour. Even the fairest of the female Brobdingnagians had disgustingly big blotches, pimples and freckles all over their skin and the offensive smell which emanated from their body indicated that man had no reason to be proud. But, the satire here is two edged. When Gulliver expatiated upon the conditions of Europe in ironic admiration of its institutions and its warfare. The virtuous king of Brobdingnag was moved to exclaim-â€Å"I cannot but conclude the bulk of your natives to be the most pernicious race of little odious vermin that nature ever suffered to crawl upon the surface of the earth† for their history revealed. Nothing but ‘a heap of conspiracies, rebellions, murders, massacres, revolutions, banishments, the very affects that avarice fraction, hypocrisy, perfidiousness, cruelty, rage, madness, hatred, envy, just, malice and ambition could produce. It is to be admitted that this type of general satire the intended affect because everyone lays the blame at the door of others and never applies it to himself The voyage of Laputa satirises England’s tyranny over Ireland . It is easy to see in the flying island the oppressive role of England on the life of Ireland. Lindalino is anagram of Dublin. Swift ridicules th e activities of the scientific experiments under taken by the Royal Society. Which is represented here by the academy of projectors in Lagado? Swift was concerned only with the ethics of life and the experiments in science and politics appeared to him as needless waste of time in the innumerable cells of the academy, one has been working at the ridiculous project of extracting sunbeams out of cucumbers another has been encaged for long in the project of turning human excrement in to human food and yet another has been trying to convert it in to gun powder here at any rate swift satire mysteries, for if science had been discouraged by this sardonic attack on them the present marvels of scientific discovery would have been impossible. The last voyageto houyhnhnm land take us into deeper waters. Critics of swift in the 18th and 19th centuries were misled into thinking that here swift was extolling the sensible animals and branding human beings irredeemably vicious and intolerably disgusting like the yahoos. it is true that swift scorn of debased man is terrible but Gulliver is not swift the ardent Anglican dean could not have held up to our unqualified admiration the houyhnhnms who were of course rational, decent, benevolent and friendly. They limited their families to two colts- one male and the other female. They imparted instruction to their youth intemperance, industry exercise and cleanliness. The praise of these animals is intended to show how very debased man can be when he perverts his reason and yields to his passions but if the houyhnhnms escape the depths of human depravity, they also miss the glory of the human life, certainly the modern view that swift is not to be identified with Gulliver does not admit of further dispute. 3. Swift is often accused of being a pessimist, a cynical gloomy misanthrope, a seventeenth century Timon of Athens. At any rate this was the view of swift which 18 th and 19th century critics of swift had consistently maintained This view has been stoutly challenged by modern critics who have examined the book from a variety of angles. In the first two books of Gulliver’s travels in Gulliver s voyage to Lilliput and Brobdingnag, there is obvious gentility though the narrator shows his disgust at the pettiness and the squabbles of the pygmies and the grossness of the Brobdingnaginas physical features. In Brodingnaginas, the nine year old Glumdaiclits is full of tender solicitude for his safety, and is almost in tears at her fathers greed in intending to amass money buy exhibiting Gulliver at the market place. The educational system of the Lilliputians and the Brodingnaginas view of life are almost utopian. The charge of pessimism and misanthropy cannot be sustained on the basis of these two voyages. In the third book the voyage to Laputta swift seems to ridicule with unspairing the severity the scientific experiments and philosophical speculations of his time, but ridicule is not misanthropy. The charge then is made mainly on the four book. The Yahoos are undoubted caricature of human beings: they lick the feet of the horse and are happy when some piece of ass’s flesh is thrown to them. The human kind seems Page 6 to be infinitely debased when contrasted with the Horses, which, by comparison, are governed by reason. There seems to be no redeeming quality in the Yahoos and the nineteenth century critics had no hesitation to brand the satirist as a misanthrope who hated man, a pessimist who saw in him not one redeeming virtue. The voyage to the Houyhnhnms was even considered â€Å"more or less symptomatic of mental disease†. But Gulliver was saved by a Portuguese captain, who showed him great kindness and refused to accept from him his passage money. The presence of Don Pedro is alone enough to disprove the charge of misanthropy. Besides are we justified in identifying Gulliver with swift? Gulliver himself is often the victim of comic humour, when he returns home he feels disgusted with his own wife and family, he erects his residence in stables, and neighs like a horse. He is here the victim of the comic muse rather than the serious reformer of society. In this book, the Anglican clergyman appears as a preacher who believes in original sin and ridicules the eighteenth century clad about the perfectibility of man. Louis A. Landa has substantiated the view that Swift’s ‘pessimism is quite consonant with the pessimism at the heart of Christianity. † She has quoted in support of this view several passages from contemporary sermons. in my opinion†, says another modern critic, :the work is that of a Christian humanist and a moralist who no more blasphemes against the dignity of human nature than do St. Paul and some of the angrier prophets of the Old Testament†. It has been truly observed that his savage indictment of man† arises from philanthropy, not misanthropy, from idealism on what man might be, not from despair at what he is†. By P. Baburaj, Senior Lecturer, Dept. of English, Sherubtse college, Bhutan Page 7